Merchant Of Venice-Portia & Bassanios Indifference To Wealth Essays

Shipper Of Venice-Portia and Bassanio's Indifference To Wealth How little is the cost I have gave in buying the similarity to my soul,(3.5.19-20) is the place the core of this play is in my eyes. Portia doing what she can for her one genuine affection, Bassanio. Cash is of no significance to her particularly with regards to the bliss or despondency of Bassanio. There are numerous spots in the Merchant of Venice that show Portia and Bassanios impassion, and what is by all accounts unresponsiveness toward riches. Many are covered up and many are as totally obvious to the peruser. I found that adding something extra to The Merchant of Venice was a fun and fascinating experience. The manner in which Shakespeare composed his plays makes individuals truly consider what they are perusing; it helped me to remember a labyrinth. Portia, an untainted Princess to wealth, a Princess that doesnt need to contemplate cash. It is something she has an impossible measure of, yet it doesnt change what her identity is or what her qualities are. Her dad appeared to impart in her that cash isnt everything to everyone; how you care about individuals and qualities are what matter the most throughout everyday life. At the point when we first observe Bassanio, he is divulging Antonio of a mystery trip he intends to take to win the core of Portia; yet he has no way to arrive because of his extreme living which has left him owing debtors to other people. From the start cash is by all accounts of some significance to Bassanio, yet towards the center of the play his musings appear to change. Despite the fact that Portias father doesn't have a supposed character in The Merchant of Venice; his essence is certainly felt through Portias character, just as the looks on the coffins. In doing this, Portias father in a way despite everything had a hand assisting with picking the correct spouse for his little girl. At the point when every one of the rulers come to charm Portia and go into the coffin room, they search for what might be the most innovative answer in choosing the coffin. The gold coffin scroll peruses Who chooseth me will pick up what numerous men want. (2.7.4-5). At the point when the peruser first observes this, he figures the gold coffin would bode well. Portias father would have placed her image in there, in light of the fact that it is gold and brimming with wealth as is Portia. Adding something extra to this the peruser may imagine that Portias father would not place her image in this one, since affection is more extravagant than gold. The ruler that would pick this one isn't keen on affection just Portias riches. The subsequent coffin made of silver states Who chooseth me will get as much as he merits. (2.7.7) I presently can't seem to think why any Prince with a large portion of a cerebrum would pick this coffin over gold or lead. To pick this, somewhere inside, they would not like to wed Portia. Obviously, the gold wasnt fascinating enough for them yet the lead was excessively poor. The lead coffin would be the most engaging the Prince who truly needs to win Portias heart and not her wealth. This parchment peruses Who chooseth me must give and peril all he hath. (2.7.9) When Bassanio and Portia talk about his decisions she gets some information about his decisions cautiously in light of the fact that it will decide their future until the end of time. Bassanio albeit profoundly paying off debtors to moneylenders, can see past the gold and silver of the initial two coffins, and risks his opportunity with the lead coffin. The look inside this coffin demonstrates this point; You that picked not by the view, Chance as reasonable, and pick as evident: Since this fortune tumbles to you, Be substance, and look for no new. On the off chance that you be well pleasd with this, And hold your fortune for your rapture, Turn you where your woman is, and guarantee her with a cherishing kiss.(3.2.130-138) From the earliest starting point of the play, Portia appears for those occasions pretty much of a free soul. She has been in Belmont every last bit of her life and thinks minimal about Venice and its occupants ways of life. Portias father appeared to have ingrained qualities and love in Portia from an extremely youthful age. She was educated to adore and to be

Portfolio of Work Completed in Harbin Bank Term Paper

Arrangement of Work Completed in Harbin Bank - Term Paper Example Also, the banker’s magazine of china positions Harbin bank at position 9 among the organizations that exchange with resources of in excess of 80 billion Yuan in the entire nation. Harbin bank’s statement of purpose is â€Å"to make benefits to her investors, cause clients to get more worth, cause the workers to have trust in their future and furthermore make riches to the society†. This is in accordance with her way of thinking of â€Å"inclusive account and agreeably getting rich†. Being situated in the Northeast of China, Harbin bank is outfitted to supporting the SME’s and furthermore in making a universal miniaturized scale credit bank which is famous. Harbin bank settled on a savvy choice to offer credits to little and medium size ventures (SME’s) since 2004 and the moving of the concentration to the SME’s has tackled the budgetary issues of the SME’s. Harbin bank’s little advances are ordered into four fundamental p arts, to be specific, advances for ranchers, credits for little endeavors, advances for individual utilization, and advances for small scale undertakings. As per the banks budget report, before the finish of 2009, the little credit bank balance was 18.933 billion Yuan. This represented 60% of the bank’s complete credit resource. ... The focal point of my work explicitly was in giving of advances to the little and the medium measured undertakings. As a component of the direction to the organization and to renaissance myself to the procedures in the bank, the director alloted one of the representatives who was learned and acquainted with the procedures of loaning of the cash to assist me with the greater part of the work. After some time, with the help I got from her, I got the entire thought and came to become familiar with the entire procedure of giving of the advances. This improved the remainder of my working days with the bank. The underlying advance during the time spent loaning was correspondence between the client with the bank. Also, the organization which needs the cash need to have a gathering with the bank to share data between the bank and the organization. The data shows up at a typical concurrence on the set down conditions between the two gatherings. During this procedure we pose inquiries concerni ng the state of the organization. For example, the amount they need, their arrangements for the advance, the quantity of leasers and the quantity of the indebted individuals and the security they intend to promise. In the wake of examining their application and their records, we give them data on how much the bank is willing and equipped for loaning them and their necessary restitution sum. On the off chance that the two gatherings strike a shared belief in the exchange table, at that point, we approach the organization to get ready materials for the bank to process the advance. The records we generally solicitation to be given should be unique and their duplicates and they incorporate organization proprietorship archives, licenses of the business, advance application, budgetary report capital confirmation report, charge enrollment endorsement among others.

Unique human flaws

Unique human flaws Special thanks to Cindy for sending in this inspiring story!An elderly asian woman had two large pots, each hung on the end of a pole, which she carried across her neck.One of the pots had a crack in it while the other pot was perfect and always delivered a full portion of water. At the end of the long walk from the stream to the house, the cracked pot arrived only half full. For two years, this went on daily with the woman bringing home only one and a half pots of water. The perfect pot was proud of its accomplishments. The poor cracked pot was ashamed of its own imperfection and miserable that it could only do half of what it had been made to do.After 2 years of what it perceived to be bitter failure, it spoke to the woman: “I am ashamed of myself because this crack in my side causes water to leak out all the way to your house.”Unique Human FlawsThe old woman smiled, “Did you notice that there are flowers on your side of the path, but not on the other pot’s side?”“That ’s because I have always known about your flaw so I planted flower seeds on your side of the path, and every day while we walk back, you water them. For two years I have been able to pick these beautiful flowers to decorate the table. Without you being just the way you are, there would not be this beauty to grace the house.”Moral: Like the pots, we all have our own unique flaws. But it’s the cracks and flaws we each have that make our lives together so very interesting and rewarding.Author Unknown

Legalizing Marijuana in the U.S. Essay - 1344 Words

Running head: LEGALIZATION OF Legalization of Marijuana: A hot topic Tonie J. Moutra GEN 499 Dr. Curt Sobolewski November 26, 2012 The legalization of marijuana for recreational usage could may be a new trend in America but the Federal government will likely oppose usage through the end of time. The Drug Enforcement Administrations (DEA) stance is that marijuana is an illegal drug and that using this drug whether for medicinal or recreational purposes is illegal. I chose this topic to research because of awareness bright to light prior to the recent elections. Until researching this topic, I was unaware that marijuana usage is legal in some states and that other states were pushing legislation to get†¦show more content†¦Their website also notes that the purpose of the organization is to inform and to provide resources for critical thinking and education without bias. (18 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC, 2012) The legalization of marijuana appears to be a hot topic and is definitely controversial among the American people as well as federal agencies like the DEA (The Star Ledger, 2012). From my research through the university library as well as over the intranet, I found several sources of information that referenced the legalization of marijuana. The sources were mixed in biases and opinions about marijuana usage, its affects on the human body, and whether or not marijuana is even as toxic and harmful as the government has made people believe. I read over a few sources that claimed that suggest that marijuana is not harmful enough to justify its prohibition (Dubner, 2007). I read over articles that suggest that states were marijuana has been legalized will encourage an increase in usage. I also found a source that opposed the previous idea that legalization will increase usage by suggesting that legalization does not increase usage through case studies. It is my opinion that every source has some degree of biasness to the information reported. I believe that bias could be considered the position taken in reporting the information. For instance, a person who writes inform ation on a study opposing marijuanaShow MoreRelatedReasons for Legalizing Marijuana841 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Reasons for Legalizing Marijuana Abstract Marijuana can be used by the public for many purposes. Medicine is an important part of our lives and marijuana has been tested to cure cancerous cells as well as help people with their epilepsy. Using marijuana for medical purposes is one major aspect that people should take into consideration for legalizing it. Marijuana’s market has also been brought to many people’s attention because it has been poised to grow faster thanRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana1006 Words   |  5 PagesTopic of Legalizing Marijuana has been a very conversational argumentative issue in the American society; moreover in the American politics today. There are many good arguments on why Marijuana should be Legalize and my argument is based on facts and supporting details to prove why Marijuana should be legalize. The Legalization of Marijuana would be profitable to our government and economy, according to Evan Wood who is the founder of the International Centre for Scie nce in Drug Policy; The U.S taxpayersRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Recreational Marijuana in the United States1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of legalizing recreational marijuana in the United States has been a very controversial one. 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Medical marijuana should be legalized for its beneficial advantages, such as, treating or preventing health conditionsRead MoreThe Benefits of Legalization Marijuana Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Legalization Marijuana There are many political groups and religious group that ague against the legalization of marijuana. They state that there are no benefits in legalizing the drugs but researches and economist disagree with that report. There are many benefits in the legalization. The first one is the enormous affect that it could have on the economy growth of the United States. A Harvard University professor of economic Jeffrey Miron , has crunched the numbers and he’sRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana1475 Words   |  6 Pagesmilitary aid being undertaken by the United States government intended to both define and reduce the illegal drug trade (Bullington). In the year 2010 the U.S. government spent $15 billion on the war on drugs, at a rate of $500 per second. State and local governments spent another $25 billion as well. In 2007, $42 billion was spent on the marijuana prohibition. That is more money than the war on drugs spent on all types of drugs three years before (Hardy). Why is our government focusing on a drug thatRead MoreMarijuana Dispensaries are a Quick Fix to an Economic Crisis688 Words   |  3 PagesNeed a quick fix to the current economic crisis? How about opening thousands of marijuana dispensaries, supplying tens of thousands of Americans with jobs, and bringing in billions of tax dollars to the government. Is marijuana a threat to our society and our youth? Or is it a plant, capable of easing the pain of the sick, inhibit the growth of cancer cells, rejuvenating the weary, and bringing ease to our stressful lives. The war on drugs has been a failure and it affects us all! The currentRead MoreReasons to Legalize Marijuana1158 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as marijuana, weed, pot, dope, hemp and so on is listed as Schedule I, referred by the Drug Enforcement Administration which means marijuana is highly addictive and dangerous material. However, Marijuana should not be in that category because marijuana has useful functions. Marijuana is different from other drugs such as Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Heroin because marijuana does not contain hazardous chemicals as much as Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Heroin have. Legalizing marijuana providesRead MoreEssay on Why Marijuana Should Not be Legalized1595 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization or decriminalization of marijuana is opposed by a vast majority of American’s and people around the world. Leaders in Marijuana prevention, education, treatment, and law enforcement adamantly oppose the substance, as do many political leaders. However, pro-drug advocacy groups, who support the use of illegal drugs, are making headlines. They are influencing decision making thru legislation and having a significant impact on the national policy debate here in the United States andRead MoreEssay The Ethical Issues of Legalizing Marijuana749 Words   |  3 Pagesaccording to the law on marijuana? It’s true. In 2008 Time Magazine reported that researcher s had found more than 42% of people surveyed in the United States had tried marijuana at least once (Lynch, 2008). So if marijuana use is so common in the United States, why should it not be legalized? In this paper I will discuss both the supporting and opposing positions on the legalization of marijuana. I will also explore the moral and ethical views for legalizing marijuana. Utilitarianism is the

Rebellion Analysis Good or Bad - 855 Words

Huff 1 English 102 TEACHER NAME HERE 2 October 2012 Analyzation of Rebellion: Good or Bad? William Butler Yeatss poems Easter 1916 and The Second Coming each portray the theme of rebellion. However, rebellion is not always heroic and these two poems clash with one another to prove this point. Easter 1916 contains text which presents rebellion as a positive action; whereas, The Second Coming makes the reader believe rebellion only leads to pure chaos and disorder until the end of time. In addition, Claude McKays poem If We Must Die supports the idea of rebellion as a positive, honorable movement with examples throughout the text. Tales of rebelliousness and heroism have been used throughout history to inspire and give†¦show more content†¦Just as Yeats did in Easter 1916, McKays poem If We Must Die also tells a story of how being rebellious can also in many ways be heroic. He writes O kinsmen! we must meet the common foe! Though far outnumbered let us show us brave, and for their thousand blows deal one deathblow. (Cite here) stating that though they are far outnum bered and death is a great possibility they will stand together and fight until the very end. Together they will rebel as a group in hopes of a better life, fighting the impossible battle but appearing as heroes to the ones they are fighting for. There have been many other tales where heroes have formed from characters being rebellious. Robin Hood is a good example of rebelliousness. In the story Robin Hood the main character Robin Hood leads a band of marauders and confronts corruption in their local village leading to the uprising of the king. He takes the gold that he steals and gives it to the poor townspeople in the villages controlled by the king. This is the perfect case of how being rebellious can be heroic. Though Robin Hood is a vigilante and a thief he appears to be a hero to the people of the many villages. Every tale of rebelliousness can be looked at positively as heroism or negatively as a case of treason. HuffShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Impact Of Imprisonment For Two Weeks1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"What happens when you put good people in an evil place? Do the people overwhelm the evil or does the evil of the situation overwhelm the good people?† Psychologist Philip Zimbardo proves throughout his research that when people are put into certain roles they feel a need to conform to that role. Everyone can harbour an evil side of their personality but it takes a certain environment or circumstance to bring it out. In a prison, will a guard abuse their power? Or will a prisoner have a mental breakdownRead MoreLiterary Analysis: Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet as a Historical Fiction1280 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary Analysis: Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet as a Historical Fiction In Jamie Ford’s historical fiction Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet, this split narrative focuses on two eras: 1942 and 1986. Within these era’s, Ford’s novel focuses on a Chinese boy, Henry Lee, and what it was like to grow up in the international district with prejudice everywhere, especially in his own family being a first generation American. His novel tells the story of Henry, as well as a Japanese girlRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of, Where are you going, Where have you been By: Joyce Carol Oate’s In Joyce Carol Oate’s, â€Å"Where are you going, Where have you been†, a young teen by the name of Connie is in a stage of what appears to be rebellion. Along with many other teens, Connie’s parent’s oblivion to what she does outside of the house allows it to continue and worsen. Since Connie not being held accountable for her actions, it leads her down paths of destruction. Are Connie’s bad decisions really herRead MoreAnimals Take Over in Animal Farm by George Orwell1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are receiving; Old Major dreams about a rebellion and how after the rebellion all animals will be treated equally. He sets rules that every animal should keep, and states â€Å"what ever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend†(Orwell,11) ; rules such as : â€Å"no animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade† (Orwell, 11). According to George, the rebellion occurred much earlier than the animals hadRead MoreThe Voyages Of The Slave Trade Voyages1504 Words   |  7 Pagesto the ship owner, captain and others aboard included natural disasters due to weather and navigation, attacks by pirates or competing trading countries, slave rebellions, and diseases as mentioned before. The weather and natural disasters is not widely cited as a great risk to these voyages. Nonetheless, it is imperative in the analysis if we are trying to capture a complete picture of the supply line of slaves to the colonies. At the very start of the trade in 1514, voyages only crossed the SouthernRead MoreEssay Local Successes and National Failures of the EZLN Today1185 Words   |  5 PagesLocal Successes and National Failures of the EZLN Today On January 1, 2004, over one thousand people in the mountain hamlet of Oventic, Chiapas, celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) rebellion with song and dance. It seems a fitting time to take stock of the successes and failures of the Zapatista movement in the context of its original goals. The success of the establishment of thirty eight autonomous indigenous communities in Chiapas is overshadowedRead MoreAnalysis Of Nora Helmer s A Doll s House 841 Words   |  4 Pages She doesn t seem to mind when her husband, Torvald, calls her his little squirrel, his little lark, and a featherhead, (1.5-1.16).And more than that, she seems to enjoy and even play into it. She shows also a generous behavior, by giving a good tip to the porter and buying a lot of Christmas presents. The love of her husband makes her responds affectionately to his teasing, and the love of her kids makes her enjoy their company. Nora seems completely happy. Read MoreThe Far Reaching Effects of Imperialism1323 Words   |  5 Pagesboil over into the First World War. Through the analysis of primary sources dealing with imperialism, one can take an objective stance to view the effect that this newly established political system had on the industrialized and agrarian states of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this analysis, it can be stated that imperialism, based on greed and racism, was a bad thing, however, it can be argued that is was not a holistically bad thing. In many cases, some agrarian states benefittedRead MoreThe Mandate of Heaven Based on the Teachings of Confucius Essay563 Words   |  3 PagesConfucian thoughts. He believed that man was immediately good, and would lean towards the good just as water runs downhill. Man could become corrupt if he did not follow the path of goodness and picked up bad practices. Mencius, and the Mandate of Heaven, promoted the idea that good rulers in Chinas past had been those who treated the people with respect and kindness. Good rulers had based their dynasties on good ethical principles. Thus, the citizens had been well caredRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Antigone By William Shakespeare1001 Words   |  5 Pages In life, we tend to see things in a black and white manner; good vs. bad. However, there is often a gray area that goes unexplored. Antigone manages to venture into this gray area through a complicated conflict of values. Kreon, the ruler of Thebes, has declared the leader of a rebellion against the state must not be buried. This conflicts with the leaders’ sister, Antigone, as she feels compelled to bury him. This conflict of values was expressed by German philosopher Hegel when he said â€Å"At the

Sales Free Essays

Coming out of the first year of the merger, what new opportunities should the new â€Å"Defining Entity† pursue in order to grow business? EDS Market Strengths ? Heath care ? Insurance ? Communications ? Electronics ? Aerospace ? Defense industries A. T. Kearney Market Strengths ? Manufacturing ? Consumer products ? Transportation ? Chemical pharmaceuticals Combined Strengths ? Automotive ? Financial services ? Energy ? Retail When companies combine/merge the whole objective is to gain new opportunities, gain market share, grow the business, to become more innovative and to improve product offerings, utilizing/sharing the existing resources and data. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the case study the company has already been successful in proving that their merger was a win, win. Already they have leveraged off each other by gaining the Rolls-Royce account which would fall under a combined strength category, they were able to provide together more services to Rolls-Royce that individually they previously could not offer. Why these opportunities, and why did I decide this, because each company already possesses and provides services and strengths in individual fields, and has a history of established relationships within given market segments. It is obvious that by combining the two companies, both companies have deepened and widened their new customer opportunity base. They can now unite and build off these pre existing strengths and relationships with more to offer and become the one stop shopping entity that they strives to be. They now also have the opportunity to engage and play in each others sandboxes to say. Not only can they leverage off each other’s existing customers they now have the opportunity to gain new and, competitor’s customers, based on the fact that they now have more to offer then their competition in both arenas. If I was Brian Harrison, I would immediately put in place a team consisting of members from each company that would utilize and compile existing data to come up with a list of who are our customers are today, who are our top customers, why are they our customers, what services do they obtain from us today, what services can we provide for them tomorrow now that we are one company. What customers generate the most revenue, why are they loyal to us, does it have to do with price, commitment, quality of service or maybe our technology. Who is our competition what services do they provide that we don’t and how do they market them. This information would provide the company with a strategic target market. How would you sell into each new opportunity you identified? What sales approach or customer interface strategy would you use? Based on the above data collection the sales force could identify which customers to go after first. Our sales approach would be â€Å"one stop shopping†, not only can we consult you on better practices, we have a team to implement them. Just think of the time and money your company would save, purchasing would only have to cut one PO, your staff would only have to deal with one company. We could provide services for your company that would allow you to cut your overhead, bottom line savings would be enormous across the board. I would have international sales meetings, combining all sales personal from each company. I would split them up in cross functional workshops to strategize and gain an insight of what works in their marketplace with their customers and how, why, where and when. Cross the board training would have to be a must, each sales personal would have to learn as much as they could about the others business. Sales people would have to engage in workshops that promote trust between each other, â€Å"Only when salespeople trust and respect each other can they successfully work together towards a common goal. † (pg 330). Then based on that information the Marketing team would have to come up with ideal marketing strategies to sell our combined services. Tools would be provided such as websites and manuals to answer each industries questions and start building relationships and merging into one company. I would then break them into territories two by two, manager to manager, bringing the other to customer meetings not only selling their original piece but the whole concept of our combined solutions. Utilizing the expertise of the other to gain the customers loyalty and commitment that we are the best company that can offer you more bang for you buck. EDS acquired â€Å"one of the world’s largest and most respected global management consulting firms† (pg 524). This is on A. T. Kearney’s website â€Å" A. T. Kearney is a global team of forward-thinking, collaborative partners that delivers immediate, meaningful results and a long-term transformational advantage to our clients and colleagues. Since 1926, we have been trusted advisors on CEO-agenda issues to the world’s leading organizations across all major industries and sectors. † http://www. atkearney. com. It would be an epic failure for both companies if EDS and A. T. Kearney could not make this merger work. What sales management implications would the new â€Å"Defining Entity† face in getting the sales job done? As with every new merger, comes the combining of what the case referrers to as ego’s or individual company cultures. EDS has more international business then A. T. Kearney trying to merge on an international level would defiantly create several roadblocks. What maybe acceptable in one company, of course may not be acceptable in another. For example what happens if one of those companies goes by a strict code of ethics, while the other does not always follow those rules, this will quickly cause a conflict, especially in the sales world. Would one company want their customers approached in an un-ethical way, what kind of reputation is this new company supposes to reflect to their customers? What happens if one company is all commission based while the other company believes in a base salary with a company car, commissions and bonuses? How would management work together to overcome such obstacles, what are the education levels of one company over another, in this case your bringing a bunch of IT systems personal and mixing them with those selling solutions to management personal. After extensive training the sales people from the other company still can not fully connect on how to sell your services or concepts. Once culture has their customer service and organization set up on one set of systems and your company is on another, how do you make them talk as one, work as one? Sometimes more manual labor is incurred in trying to integrate these companies. For instance at Carestream Health I have to manually give one of our Distributors – Quantum invoice information so they can bill their customer, our systems do not work together and because of cost they probably will not for a long time. What is the cost of training everyone and how. Management styles could be completely different; one company uses hands off approach, while the other is a complete hand on organization. How can they combine two sales forces and make them one, to have the same goals to accept the same compensation plan, that could be lower or higher then they are used to. Management would have to face so many internal and external obstacles while trying to reflect a smooth transitional merger to the customer. A consistent set of reports and data collection would have to be done to make sure the merger is benefiting the companies. Regular monitoring of how a business is performing is also important to determine if goals and objectives are being met. In conclusion if the merger produces the revenue, growth and success that the two companies were striving for, then it was well worth the many avenues it took to get there. References A. T. Kearney’s Retrieved On November 11, 2012 http://www. atkearney. com http://www. albanyhardware. com Spiro, R. L. , Rich, G. A. , Stanton, W. J. (2012). Management of a sales force. (12th ed. ). McGraw-Hill How to cite Sales, Essay examples

Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) Essay Example

Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) Essay â€Å"Eveline†, is a story about a 19 year old girl who diligently reflects on the life she has had residing in the same town (in Dublin) with her siblings, everyone she knows, and her abusive father whom she labours excessively for to support. This is the same town her mother died in that she now anticipates leaving for Buenos Ayres, with her fiance Frank. The story of Eveline, by James Joyce, handles many interconnected themes such as attachments, escape and identity, which employs great attention to a specific situation that is relatable to almost everyone: the time to leave home. Though Eveline’s acting outlets resemble those prominent to my own, what interests me the most about her story is her overbearing dilemma to either leave a hard, yet full and interesting life, for an easy and safe, though mundane one. The reason this grabs my attention is because, I’ve often pondered about why it would be so hard for me to leave my own strenuous and distressing home, and my exasperating mother that has caused me so many detriments. This curiosity has led me to believe that the harder one has had to work at home to make things work, regardless of the results, the more interesting their history becomes and the stronger their attachment to that life becomes. For anyone that has been in such a situation, it becomes clear frequently, how big of a part this life is to you and that through the struggles you have learned everything that you now know, and this life is the only one you do know. We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Something less than ‘this life’ may leave someone, such as Eveline, feeling useless and lost, possibly causing them to spin out of control searching for meaning and value in a new life that seems too simple. The reader sees this progression for Eveline as the story starts with her rested against the window where she goes to reflect not only on her self, but the relationship to the place which she sits whilst the evening rolls in. James Joyce wonderfully illustrates that, â€Å"the evening invade[d] the avenue† at the beginning of the story, while she leaned against the window. This was my favourite line of the story though, I did not catch the second meaning of it until after I had read it a few more times. First, it is clear that, with evening coming, this represents for Eveline, that she is running out of time at home (not in a pleasant and welcomes way either, â€Å"invade† is a pretty harsh word); though it is latent to her until the end of the story that, she does have a choice to stay home. At this point her decision is so straight forward that, to even question not leaving with her fiance Frank would be absurd. Second, Joyce cleverly uses the term â€Å"avenue,† not only to describe the roads of the town which is being covered with the turning of day, but also because it represents the clouding or loss of an outlet or rather, an escape. Eveline sits at the window reminiscing the days that weren’t so bad, when her father â€Å"was not so bad† either. This was a time prior, to when her mother died and before the man from Belfast bought the field which the neighbour kids used to play in and turned the old little brown houses in to bright brick and red houses. In other words, the look of her home did change, some people left town, some people died, but the memories did not die and their meaning did not dissipate. This is important because it foreshadows the reluctance Eveline has to leave her home after having the epiphany that, even if she did run away to a new setting, she would not change who either she or her father were. This realization that Eveline has is not one that everyone does when leaving home (or a place of equal meaning), but even those who do, don’t always make the choice to stay as she did. Some readers may be confused when trying to understand why she did not take the obvious route and leave her father and tiring jobs behind to be with a loving, safe, and wonderful guy as Frank appeared to be. I personally do not question it, I embrace it. The conclusion I drew from reading Eveline made me feel more secure about my own reluctance to leave home and the avenues which I extensively burdened with my attempts of escape and survival. My first was a relationship that was so perfect in its own harmony that I depended on it too strongly to the point that I only saw it as my escape, instead of a separate entity of pleasure, love, and divinity. The second, like Eveline was faith, which is somewhat ironic considering I abandoned religion so effortlessly at such a young age. This turn was not because of a new belief in God, it was for the mysticism and miracles it provided for believers. Unfortunately, my abandonment of religion was so easy because it never made sense to me and it was never my own thought. So my ‘turn back’ was rather unsuccessful when it came to making miracles out of heartache but, it did provide me with new insight on the meaning of faith and spirituality that brings me a sense of peace. Though it may only be alluded to in my eyes, what I see at the end of this story is a woman, Eveline, who realizes that she is so much more than just a runner. After all she has been through it would just be too easy to get up and leave with Frank. It seems as if she believes she does not deserve the luxury of leaving while simultaneously feeling that she is beyond an escape.

Benihana of Tokyo

Benihana of Tokyo Brief background of the company The company was a unique steakhouse during the year 1972 that was known by many people. The chefs from Japan were employed to cook food in a room where customers could see them. There were beautiful decorations resembling those from Japan, which attracted many customers. The restaurant started business with 40 seats and later the expansion had fifteen units located all over the country with nine of them under the ownership of the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benihana of Tokyo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benihana of Tokyo Company commenced business in the year 1935 when Aoki started a chain in Japan. The name Benihana originated from a red flower that was planted near where the restaurant was located. The Aoki family had operated restaurants for a long period but competition begun in the year 1958 when it had the idea of hibachi table that the father used to ensure succ ess of the business (Sasser 1) The problems or issues the firm encounters The problems encountered were lack of employees to work in the restaurants as well as high wages and salaries. The solution to the problem was elimination of kitchens that were not necessary and attending the customers well for them to enjoy the services and come back again. The dinning area was increased to accommodate more people while the back of the house remained at 22% of the whole space. The methods of storing food were a problem because large amount of it was wasted after going bad within a short period. There was a proposal to change the food in the menu so that the one not selling fast could be reduced such as chicken and beef. This brought solution to problem of wasting food and the cost of food was reduced depending on the selling price of meat (Sasser 2) Analysis Strategically and Operationally The company ordered materials for building from Japan where cost was affordable. The units build could r ecover the costs incurred for building within the first six months after the operations were commenced. There was fast development that led to increased revenue used to establish other units such as Marina Towers. The unit in Chicago generated a lot of money compared to other units. The cost of advertisement to reach customers and inform them about the services offered by the company was affordable. The company preferred to own units rather than franchising in the year 1970 because the economy was unstable. The end of franchising led to problems because those people who bought them did not have experience on how to operate restaurants. The investors who came from United States of America had trouble because they required staff from Japan with whom they could not relate well.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Benihana company success was at risk when the people wh o were aware of its operations wanted to begin a restaurant but failed to make profit within one year. There was difficulty in imitating the business leading to pressure from competitors who wanted to franchise. Rocky realized the space in the bar needed to be increased at Benihana east. The tables for serving customers had exhaust to remove bad smell, excess heat and steam. Enough dinners were available with chefs as well as waiters who served customers immediately they arrived. The meat was purchased in large quantity every time and the hours of operations depended on demand for the services. The location of the restaurants determined the time of opening and closing the business. Many customers during lunchtime were provided with menu to select the meal to be served (Sasser 3). Ethics and Sustainability Issues The number of people expected to use the services offered determined the site where the restaurants were located. Many people were available during lunch hour and dinner to enjoy meals of their choice. The units that offered accommodation were located in the business areas so that the customers could access them easily. There was training of staff in order to offer quality services to the customers and a course of Japanese English for six months. The managers of the restaurants trained staff so that they can meet the goals for continuous growth of the company. Advertisement was done to create awareness of the business to the customers and persuade them to utilize the services. Market research was done for the company to establish the potential customers in order to attract and retain them (Sasser 4) Action plans The plan for expansion includes five units to be opened every year such as Hotel in Canada with effective management. There is need to increase the number of staff to prevent shortage as well as training them to have experience in the duties assigned. The major cities will be considered for establishment of restaurants at an affordable cost (Sa sser 5). Conclusion The Benihana Company should expand business in the United States of America where small units with high profit margin are recommended. The existing markets need to be penetrated where there are many people so that the business can be successful. The units within the company should operate as separate entities where they account for the operations as well as profit in each unit (Sasser 6). Sasser, Earl. Benihana of Tokyo, Allston: Harvard Business School, 2004. 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Americas Role in World War II

America's Role in World War II When events began happening in Europe that would eventually lead to World War II, many Americans took an increasingly hard line towards getting involved. The events of World War I had fed into Americas natural desire to isolationism, and this was reflected by the passage of Neutrality Acts along with the general hands-off approach to the events that unfolded on the world stage. Increasing Tensions While America was wallowing in neutrality and isolationism, events were occurring in Europe and Asia that were causing increasing tension across the regions. These events included: Totalitarianism as a form of government in the USSR (Joseph Stalin), Italy (Benito Mussolini), Germany (Adolf Hitler), and Spain (Francisco Franco).A move towards fascism in Japan.The creation of Manchukuo, Japans puppet government in Manchuria, beginning the war in China.The conquest of Ethiopia by Mussolini.Revolution in Spain led by Francisco Franco.Germanys continuing expansion including taking the Rhineland.The worldwide Great Depression.World War I allies with large debts, many of which were not paying them off. America passed the Neutrality Acts in 1935-37. These created an embargo on all war item shipments. Americans were not allowed to travel on belligerent ships, and no belligerents were allowed loans in the United States. The Road to War The actual war in Europe began with a series of events: Germany took Austria (1938) and the Sudtenland (1938)The Munich Pact was created (1938) with England and France agreeing to allow Hitler to keep the Sudetenland as long as no further expansion occurred.Hitler and Mussolini created the Rome-Berlin Axis military alliance to last 10 years (1939)Japan entered an alliance with Germany and Italy (1939)The Moscow-Berlin Pact occurred promising nonaggression between the two powers (1939)Hitler invaded Poland (1939)England and France declared war on Germany (September 30, 1939). The Changing American Attitude At this time despite Franklin Roosevelts desire to help the allies (France and Great Britain), the only concession America made was to allow the sale of arms on a cash and carry basis. Hitler continued to expand taking Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium. In June 1940, France fell to Germany. Obviously, this quick expansion got America nervous and the US began to build the military up. The final break in isolationism began with the Lend-Lease Act (1941) whereby America was allowed to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government....any defense article. Great Britain promised not to export any of the lend-lease materials. After this, America built a base on Greenland and then issued the Atlantic Charter (August 14, 1941)- a joint declaration between Great Britain and the US about the purposes of war against fascism. The Battle of the Atlantic began with German U-Boats wreaking havoc. This battle would last throughout the war. The real event that changed America into a nation actively at war was the attack on Pearl Harbor. This was precipitated in July 1939 when Franklin Roosevelt announced that the US would no longer trade items such as gasoline and iron to Japan who needed it for their war with China. In July 1941, the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis was created. The Japanese began occupying French Indo-China and the Philippines. All Japanese assets were frozen in the US. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor killing over 2,000 people and damaging or destroying eight battleships greatly harming the Pacific fleet. America officially entered the war and now had to fight on two fronts: Europe and the Pacific. After America declared war on Japan, Germany, and Italy declared war on the US. America actually followed a Germany First strategy, mainly because it posed the greatest threat to the West, it had a larger military, and it seemed the most likely to develop newer and more lethal weapons. One of the worst tragedies of World War II was the  Holocaust  in which between 1933 and 1945 it is estimated that from 9-11 million Jews were killed. Only with the defeat of the Nazis were the  concentration camps  closed down, and the remaining survivors freed. Events Leading up to World War II The events in Europe unfolded as follows: Early German Victories  - The Germans successfully fought off the Russians in 1942. England was being bombed, and U-Boats harassed American shipping.North Africa  - The allies led by  General Dwight D. Eisenhower  fought against the French forces who were working in conjunction with Germany in Morocco and Algeria. The allies did take Tunisia in May 1943.Battle of the Atlantic  - The allies were able to control the Atlantic sea lanes by May 1943 though the battle continued to rage throughout the rest of the war.Italy  - The allies captured Sicily in July 1943 leading to Mussolinis downfall. The Italians then joined the allies. Germany still occupied much of Italy including Rome.Normandy Invasion  - This began on D-Day, June 6, 1944. General Eisenhower led the allies onto the beaches of France. They were able to liberate Paris on August 25, 1944.Battle of the Bulge  - Germany launched a counteroffensive in December 1944.  General Patton  led the 3rd Army to victory by January 1945.The Battle of Germany  - Early in 1945, Russians invaded Germany from the East while the allies moved in from the West defeating Germany. Hitler along with many top officials committed suicide. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945 - V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day). America followed a defensive policy in Japan until the summer of 1942. Following is a list of the events that occurred during World War IIs War in the Pacific:Early Japanese Victories  - Japan was able to have many victories in the Pacific and began attacking the Philippines. The Americans eventually had to surrender after  General Douglas MacArthur  and his troops failed to hold the  Bataan Peninsula  and the island of Corregidor. This was when MacArthur said his famous line, I will return.Pacific Offensive  - America began an offensive campaign during the summer of 1942. They defeated the Japanese at  the Battle of the Coral Sea  and  the Battle of Midway. In August 1942, America invaded Guadalcanal and by May 1943 had freed the Aleutians.Island Hopping  - The Americans led by  Admiral Chester W. Nimitz  took back many Japanese held islands on their way to the Japanese mainland. In June 1944, Saipan fell and then in July America captured Guam. In March 1945, America took  Iwo Jima  and held Okinawa by June. Philippines  - MacArthur kept his promise and returned to the Philippines after important victories in the  Battle of Leyte Gulf  (led by  Admiral William Halsey). By January 1945, they had landed at Luzon to battle for the Philippines.China  - Chiang Kai-Shek led the Chinese against the Japanese. In January 1945, the Ledo Road was opened, and the allies were able to get supplies to the Chinese who then expelled the Japanese.Atomic Bombs  - Throughout the war, America had been working on the creation of atomic bombs  through the  Manhattan Project. In August 1945, America led by  Harry Truman, who took over the presidency after FDRs death, decided to  drop atomic bombs on two cities in Japan.  Part of the rationale for this decision was that they wanted to avoid the loss of life that would accompany an invasion of the Japanese mainland.  Hiroshima  was the first target on August 6th and then Nagasaki was hit on August 9th. The two bombs killed approximately 100,000 Japanese instantly. By September 2, 1945, the Japanese had unconditionally surrendered. This was V-J Day (Victory over Japan day). American Rationing   Americans at home sacrificed while soldiers fought overseas. By the end of the war, more than 12 million American soldiers had joined or were drafted into the military. Widespread rationing occurred. For example, families were given coupons to purchase sugar based on the size of their families. They could not buy more than their coupons would allow. However, rationing covered more than just food- it also included goods such as shoes and gasoline. Some items were just not available in America. Silk stockings made in Japan were not available- they were replaced by the new synthetic nylon stockings. No automobiles were produced from February 1943 until the end of the war to move the manufacturing to war specific items. Many women entered the workforce  to help make munitions and implements of war. These women were nicknamed Rosie the Riveter and were a central part of Americas success in war. Japanese Relocation Camps Wartime restrictions were imposed on civil liberties. A real black mark on the American home front was the  Executive Order No. 9066 signed by Roosevelt in 1942. This ordered those of Japanese-American descent to be removed to Relocation Camps. This law eventually forced close to 120,000 Japanese-Americans in the western part of the United States to leave their homes and move to one of ten relocation centers or to other facilities across the nation. Most of those relocated were American citizens by birth. They were forced to sell their homes, most for next to nothing, and take only what they could carry. In 1988, President  Ronald Reagan  signed the Civil Liberties Act that provided redress for Japanese-Americans. Each living survivor was paid $20,000 for the forced incarceration. In 1989, President  George H. W. Bush  issued a formal apology. However, nothing can make up for the pain and humiliation that this group of individuals had to face for nothing more than their ethnicity. America and Russia In the end, America came together to successfully defeat fascism abroad. The end of the war would send the US into a  Cold War  due to concessions made to the Russians in exchange for their aid in defeating the Japanese. Communist Russia and the United States would be at odds with each other until the downfall of the USSR in 1989.

Read instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read instructions - Essay Example According to Jess Coleman, the main aim of according death penalty to convicts is to deter, control, and ultimately curb crime. However, he argues that whether death penalty has achieved its purpose is a point of discussion. He argues that any executions take place in a violent manner though the intention is usually honorable. He notes that no substantial evidence relates increased executions to reduced crime. Instead, he observes that there is a correlation  between increased executions and rise in crime in countries like China, Iran, Yemen, Sudan, Tunisia, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, North Korea, and Libya. In addition, he argues that ultimately what the death sentence achieves is death and not justice. Moreover, he notes that just like in any other policy, the society and the government is not ready to deal with the aftermath of the death penalty. As such, he argues that governments should look for better and ethical ways of holding criminals accountable than subjecting them to a death penalty (Coleman Web). Indeed, the author’s purpose is to refute the idea that death penalty is justified in the society. He uses trusted statistics to prove that death penalty barely reduces crime in the society. He seeks to point out the need to find out other avenues of seeking justice than convicting criminals to death. I agree with the author’s argument that death penalty do not deter crime. Actually, as he portrays in the data no substantial evidence relates increased executions to reduced crime. This is so because in many cases death penalties rise from failed legal process where convicts do not get a chance to defend themselves. Others rise from vengeance as states seek to silence citizens who oppose the government. At the same time, the offended person gets no justice when the offender dies. It would serve the victim better if the criminal takes responsibility than dying. Actually, two wrongs do not make

Cryogenic treatment of metal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cryogenic treatment of metal - Essay Example Untempered martensite should, therefore, have treatment below the minimum critical temperatures of the metal so as to enable diffusion of the excess carbon from the body-centre tetragonal structure hence it creates a more stable structure. Tempering leads to an even distribution of alloying elements in precipitation-hardening alloys like super alloys of aluminum (L.K. Zhang. 148). The elements cause internal reactions, which results in the formation of inter-metallic phases referred to as precipitates. The precipitates formed during tempering strengthen the alloys. In addition, multistep tempering can result in the formation of several precipitates that effect to high strength alloy. Cryogenic treatment is carried out in metals in the process to enhance metallic wear characteristics. Cryogenic metal treatment is quite a new metal treatment process in engineering and is one of the most utilized metal treatment processes in the industry (Xiaojun Jianga 62). Utilization of cryogenic temperature (below -2400 F) is a new application in metal treatment especially in the ultra-cold realm. The method was tried in early 1940s, but it was found to produce thermal stresses because of the rapid cooling of the metal in liquid nitrogen. Because of the formation of thermal stresses, cryogenic treatment was not in use for industrial purposes until late 1960s. Cryogenic metal treatment process was improved to the use of gaseous nitrogen, which results in reduced formation of thermal stresses (L.K. Zhang. 32). There are three major cryogenic treatment process established in mechanical engineering. Initially, the metal is slowly cooled down from ambient atmospheric temperatures to cryogenic temperatures. Cooling of the metal parts slowly leads to a reduction in the formation of thermal stresses. Slow cooling process also ensures that the general

Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism

Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism Chapter 1 Introduction The Threat from Terrorism There are very few humans in the world today who have not had their lives altered or affected in some way through terrorist acts or the threat from terrorism. The highly publicized terrorist attacks in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping changes in the security postures of many western and developed nations, as well as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have not felt the direct effects by losing someone close to them, there are many life altering after-shocks have had global reach and thus have effected nearly everyone. Every person who uses public transportation, rides in a plane/train, or crosses an international border will feel the effects of international terrorism through vastly increased security measures. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many nations and has lead to wars.[1] In all, terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it now and in the decades to come, will continue to change t he world as we know it. Radical Militant Islamic Groups There are many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be hard pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of fundamental or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[2] This being said, in recent times, the most dangerous threat to western and developed nations comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militants have not only local and national reach, but can project their influence regionally and even globally (as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah), and thus will be the focus of this dissertation. Shifting Sands: Since as far back as history dates, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted large armies against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warfare to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were focused on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were focused on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non-state actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present day the non-state actor terrorist groups have taken center stage, though this may be about to change. Attempt to predict the future This paper engages the probability of predicting the future of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism over years past and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data available from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper will focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It will attempt to lay out the evolution of terrorism to give some basis for a review of the current most important trends in terrorism. It will discuss the origins of ethno-nationalist (or state sponsored) terrorism and further discuss how this has morphed into the new transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to occur. Chapter II Evolution of Terrorism – Historical Roots Mr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global War  on Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and that  terrorism is one of the tactics used in that War. Mac Thornberry (US Congressman) P re-Modern World: 1st Century BC to the 13th Century The history of [6] 1793: The Origins of Modern Terrorism In 1793, following the French revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.[7] This reign of terror is conventionally known as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.[9] Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the best and most efficient way to get to their desired outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an existing political order became more prominent. 1950s: The Rise of Non-State Terrorism Terrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warfare tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several factors. These included the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism. In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.[10] Similarly, the Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.[13] 1970s: The International Turn of Terrorism International terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft.[18] 1990s: 21 st Century: The Rise of Religious Terrorism Though an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many highly visible violent acts committed during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic grounds Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their own forms of militant extremism.[19] In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly violent acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim cultures. Chapter III Trends in Terrorism When you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of mass destruction and you promise them that if they kill innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences are. Major Changes are Ahead There are major changes coming to terrorism in the years ahead. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the terms on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. Fertility rates will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic rule In contrast to the developing world, many industrialized countries are currently, or will soon, see fertility rates below the replacement level and hence significant declines in populations, excluding the effects of immigration[22] Militant Islam continues to grow in both membership and power It has been clear for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any means necessary.[23] Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the Middle East.[27] The Terrorist Ranks Are Growing The post 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist movement, yet by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathizers now have new grounds from which they can unite their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.[32] At the heart of the Middle East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to keep Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the coalition forces in a global jihad.[35] In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same objectives. Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda inspired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.[39] It is clear that RMIGs have significant sympathy among Europes Muslim population. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a further spill over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.[40] It has been proven that Saudi Arabia continues to fund and maintain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to New York, and from the Philippines to India.[44] Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to. RMIGs Will Gain Access to Weapons of Mass Destruction It must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will make every effort to ensure that they have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to make their violent point.[46] Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, Islamabad may be their provider. Thankfully, this seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely receive large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical weapons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to make or buy them.[47] The Home Grown threat from Muslim extremists is on the rise A 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist religious governments.[52] Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this technology as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West. Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more support to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs attention to the West.[53] The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the global jihadist movement, given them a training ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts. The gap between the Haves and the Have Nots will continue to increase The growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilize the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, possibly helping to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor also may inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.[54] Population growth is highest in those countries least able to support the growth The greatest fertility rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations: the largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).[55] The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.[57] Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems unlikely as world healthcare only continues to get better. Growing Western prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a determined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food production in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).[58] Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidly According to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.[59] In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).[62] Right now, there are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.[63] The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloistered urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies. Chapter IV Old Terrorism Any government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent and equally guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. Bush Old Terrorism – Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsored What are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by authorities in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate parts of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.[67] A government that is an adversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intelligence assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will allow to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.[68] This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian involvement to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and K ashmir region of India. Forms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism Turning a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders[69] Governmental or State terror Governmental or State terror is normally seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.[73] These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods. State involvement in terror State involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are directed against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this governmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing campaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another past example of this form of terrorism.[75] A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare. State sponsorship of terrorism State sponsorship of terrorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very productive aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.[78] Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and backing of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.[81] Chapter V New Terrorism Terrorism is carried out purposefully, in a cold-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International Terrorism New Terrorism – Transnational or Global Jihadism The first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism attempted to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[82] In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that: * The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.[83] * The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a means to a political end;[84] * The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical; it is decentralized rather than centralized;[85] * The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible;[86] More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.[89] On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old Terrorism: Goals The new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, primarily of those groups with millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory – thus making the grievance more susceptible to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.[90] Means According to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this criterion. [91] Organization and structure The new terrorists are decentralized and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partly meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction, were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.[92] The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center mainly around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.[93] These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The groups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups operate analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operating in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Ye men, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own reputation—even if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few main tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.[94] Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle[95] Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom[96] Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining process of jihad, and thus maintaining its identity[97] Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah[98] Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemies—especially the Jews and Crusaders[99] Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters[100] Observing miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen[101] As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group dynamics based off of social needs that fuels the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.[102] As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States Air Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.[103] Chapter VI New Old Terrorism In todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin Laden Time magazine profile (16 September 2001) The Pendulum Swings Back For better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of state sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.[108] Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.[115]. Iran and Hezbollah Hezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.[119] RMIG takeover of Islamic Nations For other nations that have not been wholly engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there are growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. The first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.[121] These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance o f many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-eastern countries. The second development in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow. The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands. The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.[125] In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.[126] In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.[128] It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).[131] Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) will maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body pool to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.[132] Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a functioning country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the nature of the game changes drastically. When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has provi Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism Chapter 1 Introduction The Threat from Terrorism There are very few humans in the world today who have not had their lives altered or affected in some way through terrorist acts or the threat from terrorism. The highly publicized terrorist attacks in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping changes in the security postures of many western and developed nations, as well as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have not felt the direct effects by losing someone close to them, there are many life altering after-shocks have had global reach and thus have effected nearly everyone. Every person who uses public transportation, rides in a plane/train, or crosses an international border will feel the effects of international terrorism through vastly increased security measures. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many nations and has lead to wars.[1] In all, terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it now and in the decades to come, will continue to change t he world as we know it. Radical Militant Islamic Groups There are many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be hard pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of fundamental or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[2] This being said, in recent times, the most dangerous threat to western and developed nations comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militants have not only local and national reach, but can project their influence regionally and even globally (as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah), and thus will be the focus of this dissertation. Shifting Sands: Since as far back as history dates, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted large armies against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warfare to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were focused on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were focused on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non-state actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present day the non-state actor terrorist groups have taken center stage, though this may be about to change. Attempt to predict the future This paper engages the probability of predicting the future of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism over years past and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data available from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper will focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It will attempt to lay out the evolution of terrorism to give some basis for a review of the current most important trends in terrorism. It will discuss the origins of ethno-nationalist (or state sponsored) terrorism and further discuss how this has morphed into the new transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to occur. Chapter II Evolution of Terrorism – Historical Roots Mr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global War  on Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and that  terrorism is one of the tactics used in that War. Mac Thornberry (US Congressman) P re-Modern World: 1st Century BC to the 13th Century The history of [6] 1793: The Origins of Modern Terrorism In 1793, following the French revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.[7] This reign of terror is conventionally known as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.[9] Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the best and most efficient way to get to their desired outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an existing political order became more prominent. 1950s: The Rise of Non-State Terrorism Terrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warfare tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several factors. These included the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism. In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.[10] Similarly, the Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.[13] 1970s: The International Turn of Terrorism International terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft.[18] 1990s: 21 st Century: The Rise of Religious Terrorism Though an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many highly visible violent acts committed during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic grounds Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their own forms of militant extremism.[19] In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly violent acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim cultures. Chapter III Trends in Terrorism When you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of mass destruction and you promise them that if they kill innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences are. Major Changes are Ahead There are major changes coming to terrorism in the years ahead. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the terms on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. Fertility rates will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic rule In contrast to the developing world, many industrialized countries are currently, or will soon, see fertility rates below the replacement level and hence significant declines in populations, excluding the effects of immigration[22] Militant Islam continues to grow in both membership and power It has been clear for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any means necessary.[23] Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the Middle East.[27] The Terrorist Ranks Are Growing The post 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist movement, yet by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathizers now have new grounds from which they can unite their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.[32] At the heart of the Middle East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to keep Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the coalition forces in a global jihad.[35] In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same objectives. Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda inspired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.[39] It is clear that RMIGs have significant sympathy among Europes Muslim population. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a further spill over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.[40] It has been proven that Saudi Arabia continues to fund and maintain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to New York, and from the Philippines to India.[44] Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to. RMIGs Will Gain Access to Weapons of Mass Destruction It must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will make every effort to ensure that they have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to make their violent point.[46] Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, Islamabad may be their provider. Thankfully, this seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely receive large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical weapons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to make or buy them.[47] The Home Grown threat from Muslim extremists is on the rise A 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist religious governments.[52] Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this technology as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West. Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more support to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs attention to the West.[53] The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the global jihadist movement, given them a training ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts. The gap between the Haves and the Have Nots will continue to increase The growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilize the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, possibly helping to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor also may inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.[54] Population growth is highest in those countries least able to support the growth The greatest fertility rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations: the largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).[55] The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.[57] Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems unlikely as world healthcare only continues to get better. Growing Western prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a determined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food production in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).[58] Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidly According to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.[59] In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).[62] Right now, there are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.[63] The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloistered urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies. Chapter IV Old Terrorism Any government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent and equally guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. Bush Old Terrorism – Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsored What are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by authorities in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate parts of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.[67] A government that is an adversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intelligence assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will allow to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.[68] This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian involvement to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and K ashmir region of India. Forms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism Turning a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders[69] Governmental or State terror Governmental or State terror is normally seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.[73] These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods. State involvement in terror State involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are directed against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this governmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing campaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another past example of this form of terrorism.[75] A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare. State sponsorship of terrorism State sponsorship of terrorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very productive aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.[78] Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and backing of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.[81] Chapter V New Terrorism Terrorism is carried out purposefully, in a cold-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International Terrorism New Terrorism – Transnational or Global Jihadism The first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism attempted to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the September 11, 2001 attacks.[82] In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that: * The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.[83] * The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a means to a political end;[84] * The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical; it is decentralized rather than centralized;[85] * The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible;[86] More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.[89] On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old Terrorism: Goals The new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, primarily of those groups with millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory – thus making the grievance more susceptible to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.[90] Means According to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this criterion. [91] Organization and structure The new terrorists are decentralized and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partly meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction, were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.[92] The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center mainly around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.[93] These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The groups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups operate analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operating in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Ye men, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own reputation—even if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few main tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.[94] Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle[95] Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom[96] Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining process of jihad, and thus maintaining its identity[97] Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah[98] Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemies—especially the Jews and Crusaders[99] Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters[100] Observing miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen[101] As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group dynamics based off of social needs that fuels the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.[102] As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States Air Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.[103] Chapter VI New Old Terrorism In todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin Laden Time magazine profile (16 September 2001) The Pendulum Swings Back For better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of state sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.[108] Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.[115]. Iran and Hezbollah Hezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.[119] RMIG takeover of Islamic Nations For other nations that have not been wholly engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there are growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. The first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.[121] These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance o f many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-eastern countries. The second development in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow. The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands. The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.[125] In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.[126] In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.[128] It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).[131] Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) will maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body pool to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.[132] Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a functioning country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the nature of the game changes drastically. When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has provi